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2021, 02, 128-138
重思《什么是艺术?》中“内容”与“形式”的疑题
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DOI: 10.16238/j.cnki.rla.2021.02.015
摘要:

托尔斯泰艺术创作的价值已经成为共识,而他的艺术思想却不无争议。批评界多指责托氏只顾及艺术对道德内容的传达,而莫德等人认为这不过是种误读,在他们看来,《什么是艺术?》不独关注"内容",亦以"形式"作为评价艺术的标尺。不过,这一补足式的阐释仍未能忠实展现托氏运思的幽微之处。艺术评判标准在文章表层的论证话语中分属两个独立的维度,但在深层的意义结构中,又相互联结、彼此定义,由此废止这一区隔,此思路应和了托氏"整全"美学观的一贯表述。当思想家与艺术家的分离论及其暗含的褒贬臧否成为"托尔斯泰问题"的某种标准答案时,该美学观可以为我们提供另一种视角:当二者区分失效之时,才是我们最接近托尔斯泰的瞬间。

Abstract:

The significance of Tolstoy's art work has become a consensus, while his art theory is not without controversy. Many critics have accused Tolstoy of having only regard for art's conveyance of moral content, which Maude and others have argued is nothing more than a misinterpretation. In their view, in What is Art? Tolstoy not only pays attention to the "content", but also uses the "form" as a benchmark to evaluate art. However, this complementary understanding still fails to touch the subtleties of Tolstoy's thinking. On the surface of this treatise's discourse, the artistic criteria can be divided into two independent dimensions, but in its deeper connotation, those two dimensions are fusing together and even defining each other, thus making the surface distinction abolished. This thought pattern collaborates with the general expressions of Tolstoy's aesthetics of "the Whole". When the split theory between "thinker" and "artist" and its implied appraisal become some kind of standard answer to "the Tolstoy Questions", Tolstoy's own aesthetic view may provide us with another perspective. It implies that the moment when the distinction between "thinker" and "artist" fails, that is when we come closest to Tolstoy's world.

参考文献

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(1)《什么是艺术?》,国内研究界亦通作《艺术论》,其接受史大致如下:五四时期,该著作由文学研究社引介进来,化作他们“为人生”文艺观的一个注脚。随着革命文学的崛起与官方意识形态的确立,对托氏这部论著的探究复又受控于严苛的政治氛围。在上述背景中,围绕托氏论著所作的诸多讨论更像是一面镜子,反映出研究者的立场,而非托氏本人的观点。70年代之后,国内学界出现了一些严肃的、学理化的探讨,比较有代表性的作品有陆人豪的《〈艺术论〉初探》(1983)、钱中文的《通向现实主义高峰之路——托尔斯泰论真实性、客观性、主观性、真诚和分寸感》(1983)、胡日佳、毕养赛的《托尔斯泰的艺术观》(1985)、李正荣的《论托尔斯泰的“感情说”》(2001)、赵炎秋的《列夫·托尔斯泰文艺思想试探》(2004)等等。不过,最近十几年来,学者的研究重心更多转向了《什么是艺术?》在中文世界的接受史,难能如上个时期那样,对托氏艺术观的内容进行细致的辨析,并对其价值做出中肯的考量。

(2)莫德译《什么是艺术?》(1898)是唯一一个因其文本的完整性和翻译的准确性而得到托尔斯泰认可的版本。托尔斯泰在序言中说:“我请求所有对我的艺术观点感兴趣的人,只根据此作品现有的形式来判断它们。”此后发行的俄文版本,亦以莫德译文作为编辑的依据。现收入人民文学出版社《列夫·托尔斯泰文集(第14卷)》中的丰陈宝译本,系从《列夫·托尔斯泰论文学》(苏联国家文学出版社1955年版)一书中译出,且同样参考了莫德的英译本。基于其权威性,本论文择此英文版作为研究底本,并对丰陈宝的译文进行选择性地采纳,必要时对其中关键概念的翻译做出了一些调整。

(1)Diffey, T.J. Aesthetic Instrumentalism[J]//British Journal of Aesthetics, 1982(4):337-349.; Carroll, N. Moderate Moralism[J]//The British Journal of Aesthetics, 1996(3):223-239.; Jacobson, D. In Praise of Immoral Art[J]//Philosophical Topics, 1997(1):155-199.

(1)美国托氏研究专家莫森(Gary Sual Morson)将“托尔斯泰问题(The Tolstoy Questions)”细分为五种,分别为:(1)1880年前后,托尔斯泰是否如其所述,与过去的自己实现了激进的决裂;(2)托氏艺术创作与其美学的关系如何;(3)道德家托尔斯泰与伟大现实主义者托尔斯泰的关系如何;(4)托氏现实主义的本质是什么;(5)托尔斯泰是否能够挑战既定的认知,也即其作品中的说教实际上无碍于审美价值的实现。这五个问题虽然涉足了不同的领域,但在根柢上是紧密纠缠的。参见Morson, G. S. The Tolstoy Questions, Reflections on the Silbajoris Thesis[J]//Tolstoy Studies Journal 1991(4):115-141.

基本信息:

DOI:10.16238/j.cnki.rla.2021.02.015

中图分类号:J0

引用信息:

[1]梁世超.重思《什么是艺术?》中“内容”与“形式”的疑题[J].俄罗斯文艺,2021(02):128-138.DOI:10.16238/j.cnki.rla.2021.02.015.

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