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2020, 03, 46-57
陀思妥耶夫斯基的多元主义
基金项目(Foundation): “西安市2020年度社科基金规划项目(WL34)资助
邮箱(Email):
DOI: 10.16238/j.cnki.rla.2020.03.007
摘要:

以赛亚·伯林在《刺猬与狐狸》中指出,陀思妥耶夫斯基是怀有一元论思想的刺猬。然而伯林只是将陀思妥耶夫斯基定性为一个一元论者,没有指出陀思妥耶夫斯基作品中的多元主义思想。相反,结合巴赫金的复调对话以及列维纳斯的主体间性理论,则可以分三步层层递进地解析陀思妥耶夫斯基的多元主义思想:第一,从创作手法的角度切入,分析陀思妥耶夫斯基对传统典型人物塑造方法的突破;第二,在此基础上探讨陀思妥耶夫斯基小说人物的主体分裂与主体自由意愿思想以及两者的互动作用;第三,详细论述主体分裂与主体自由意愿思想所促发的差异型主体间性对话及其所须的环境领域。这种主体分裂与主体自由意愿共同作用下的多元对话,展现了陀思妥耶夫斯基的多元主义思想以及他对多元主义这一思想的深化。

Abstract:

In The Hedgehog and the Fox, Sir Isaiah Berlin points out that Dostoevsky is a hedgehog who embraces ideas of monism. Berlin, however, wrongly characterized Dostoevsky as a monist and overlooked the pluralism in Dostoevsky's works. On the contrary, the pluralism of Dostoevsky can be analyzed progressively with Bakhtin's Polyphony theory and Levinas' Inter-Subjectivity theory in three steps: first, analyzing Dostoevsky's breakthrough over shaping traditional typical figure(типичная фигура) from the perspective of the method of writing; second, on the basis of the former part, illustrating two features of characters in Dostoevsky's works, the split of subject and the free will of subject, and pointing out the interaction between these two features; third, discussing the variant Inter-Subjectivity dialogue which is inspired by the split of subject and the free will of subject in detail as well as spheres indispensable for the dialogue. This pluralistic dialogue shows the pluralism of Dostoevsky his further development of pluralism.

参考文献

[1][伊朗]拉明·贾汉贝格鲁:伯林谈话录[M],杨祯钦译,译林出版社,2002。

[2]Berlin,Isaiah.Russian Thinkers[M].London:Penguin Group,2008.

[3]Bakhtin,Mikhail.Problems of Dostoevsky’s Poetics[M].Edited and translated by Caryl Emerson.Manchester:Manchester University Press,1984.

[4][俄]陀思妥耶夫斯基:穷人[M],磊然译,//费·陀思妥耶夫斯基全集第一卷,河北教育出版社,2010。

[5]Tussing Orwin,Donna.Consequences of Consciousness:Turgenev,Dostoevsky,and Tolstoy[M].Stanford and California:Stanford University Press,2007.

[6][俄]陀思妥耶夫斯基:化身(彼得堡叙事诗)[M],郭家申译,//费·陀思妥耶夫斯基全集第一卷,河北教育出版社,2010。

[7]Erdinast-Vulcan,Daphna.Between Philosophy and Literature:Bakhtin and the Question of the Subject[M].Stanford and California:Stanford University Press,2013.

[8]Eskin,Michael.Ethics and Dialogue:in the Works of Levinas,Bakhtin,Mandel’shtam and Celan.Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000.

[9]Levinas,Emmanuel.Entre Nous:On Thinking-ofthe-Other[M].Translated by Michael B.Smith and Barbara Harshav.New York:Columbia University Press,1998.

[10][俄]陀思妥耶夫斯基:卡拉马佐夫兄弟[M],臧仲伦译,河北教育出版社,2010。

[11]Hirschkop,Ken.Mikhail Bakhtin:An Aesthetic for Democracy[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,1999.

(1)以赛亚·伯林对一元论的定义可总结为:全部真实的问题仅都有一个正确答案,这些正确答案均是可知的,所有正确答案是相互兼容的。多元主义则是对一元论的反驳。参见Berlin,Isaiah.The Crooked Timber of Humanity[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2013,pp.221-222.

(1)主体自由意愿与主体分裂的有机结合在陀思妥耶夫斯基的作品中并不鲜见,在他的众多小说中,这种现象大量复现。参见尼古拉·别尔嘉耶夫:《文化的哲学》,于培才译,上海人民出版社,2007,第13,27页。梅列日科夫斯基:《托尔斯泰与陀思妥耶夫斯基(卷一)》,杨德友译,华夏出版社,2009,第228-229页。梅列日科夫斯基:《托尔斯泰与陀思妥耶夫斯基(卷二)》,杨德友译,华夏出版社,2009,第148-151页。

(2)我按照小说的原有称呼,将原来的主人公称为戈利亚德金,将后来的分身称为小戈利亚德金。

(3)《双重人格》中关于主体分裂状态的表现随处可见,本文省略了许多细枝末节(如开头主人公对梦中自己与此刻自己的关系怀疑,就“是否需要与一位熟人打招呼”问题的欲望分裂冲突等),仅选取了最核心的三处相关情节进行论述。

基本信息:

DOI:10.16238/j.cnki.rla.2020.03.007

中图分类号:I512.074

引用信息:

[1]毕晓.陀思妥耶夫斯基的多元主义[J].俄罗斯文艺,2020(03):46-57.DOI:10.16238/j.cnki.rla.2020.03.007.

基金信息:

“西安市2020年度社科基金规划项目(WL34)资助

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